<p>Spanning 63 ft the Goddard Bridge crosses the Sand Lick Creek just off Kentucky 32, about 8 miles south of Flemingsburg on Covered Bridge Road in Goddard, Kentucky. The Pea Ridge Mountains and an old country church provide a scenic backdrop.</p><br>
<p>The actual date of construction is unknown, but it is built on the 1820 lattice design of Ithiel Town. The bridge was built by Joseph Goddard. Originally located about one mile south of Goddard, the bridge was moved to its present location in 1933 when Highway 32 was rebuilt. Steel braces sunk into the creek bank near the abutments provide additional support for the span. The bridge is in regular use and is open to traffic with a gross weight under 4 tons. The bridge was restored in 1968 with the replacement of some lateral bracing, siding, roofing and the wooden pins or trunnels used as fasteners instead of nails.</p><br>
<p>A number of reasons have been offered to explain the construction of covered bridges in Kentucky during the 19th century. Roads across the bridges were kept dry and free of snow in winter. The protection the cover provided against wood deterioration was likely most important. The cover allowed timbered trusses and braces to season properly and kept water out of the joints, prolonging the life by seven to eight times that of an uncovered bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Benton County Courthouse is a courthouse in Bentonville, Arkansas, United States, the county seat of Benton County, built in 1928. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The courthouse was built in the Classic Revival style by Albert O. Clark and anchors the east side of the Bentonville Town Square.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Architect Albert O. Clark came from St. Louis, Missouri to Rogers, Arkansas in 1904. He utilized the Classic Revival style when designing the Applegate Drugstore and Bank of Rogers Building elsewhere in the county. After approving of his work, Clark was hired to build many buildings in Bentonville, including the Benton County Jail and the county courthouse. His building replaced an Italianate style structure that had served the county administration needs since 1874.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built in the Classic Revival (Neoclassical) style, the Benton County Courthouse features a totally symmetrical façade with a centrally located entrance. The building also exhibits keystones, a main characteristic of Classic Revival architecture. The third floor originally included a balcony; however this was later enclosed to allow for climate control. Today the enclosed third floor windows have round-topped arches, a modification that was in keeping with the Romanesque Revival building style.</p><br>
<p>The Hunter Island Group Important Bird Area comprises several islands in the Hunter Island Group and Trefoil Island Group lying off the north-western coast of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<p>Collectively, they have an area of 152 km. They have been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because they support over 1% of the world populations of Cape Barren geese, short-tailed shearwaters, black-faced cormorants, sooty oystercatchers and Pacific gulls. The IBA also supports the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot on its migration route between Tasmania and mainland south-eastern Australia. Most of Tasmania&#39;s endemic bird species breed in the IBA.</p><br>
<h2>Hunter Island Group</h2><br>
<p>* Albatross Island, part of the Albatross Island and Black Pyramid Rock Important Bird Area</p><br>
<p>* Bears Island</p><br>
<p>* Bird Island</p><br>
<p>* Black Pyramid Rock, part of the Albatross Island and Black Pyramid Rock Important Bird Area</p><br>
<p>* Dugay Islet</p><br>
<p>* Edwards Islet</p><br>
<p>* Hunter Island</p><br>
<p>* Nares Rocks</p><br>
<p>* Penguin Islet</p><br>
<p>* South Black Rock</p><br>
<p>* Steep Island</p><br>
<p>* Stack Island</p><br>
<p>* Three Hummock Island</p><br>
<h2>Trefoil Island Group</h2><br>
<p>* Trefoil Island</p><br>
<p>* Little Trefoil Island</p><br>
<p>* Doughboy Island East</p><br>
<p>* Doughboy Island West</p><br>
<p>* Henderson Islets</p><br>
<p>* Harbour Islets</p><br>
<p>* Murkay Islets</p><br>
<p>The Hillsboro Covered Bridge, known locally as the "Hillsboro-Grange City Covered Bridge", spans Fox Creek in Fleming County adjacent to Kentucky Route 111, 13.6 mi southeast of Flemingsburg, Kentucky. Probably built in the late 1860s, it was discontinued in 1968 when it was replaced 50 yard upstream by a concrete bridge.</p><br>
<p>The bridges timbers are of yellow pine with double shouldered braces. A single 94-foot (29 m) span, it was probably built by the same contractor who constructed Ringos Mill Covered Bridge several miles up Fox Creek. Abutments are of red stone and corrugated sheet metal covers the roof and sides. The bridge was originally double-sided with yellow poplar. The bridge is a good example of Theodore Burrs 1814 patented truss design that employs multiple kingposts. Patent bridges were the "bread and butter" of early engineers who typically received one dollar per linear foot of bridge construction for use of the patented design.</p><br>
<p>The Ringos Mill Covered Bridge spans Fox Creek in Fleming County, Kentucky in a single 90-foot span. It was named for a grist mill situated 50 yards downstream.</p><br>
<p>The bridges timbers are of yellow pine. It was probably built by the same contractor who constructed Hillsboro Covered Bridge several miles down Fox Creek. Abutments are of red stone covered with a concrete facing and the walls are double-sided with yellow poplar. Ventilation and light are provided by clerestory openings in the siding. The bridge is a good example of Theodore Burrs 1814 patented truss design that employs multiple kingposts. Patent bridges were the "bread and butter" of early engineers who typically received one dollar per linear foot of bridge construction for use of the patented design.</p><br>
<p>The Wade Park District is an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places, located in the University Circle neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio. The district, which covers roughly 650 acres, is bounded by Chester Avenue and Euclid Avenue  on the south, East Boulevard to the east and E. 105th Street to the west. The district, which includes seven separate buildings, features several of the city&#39;s cultural institutions, as well as the park of the same name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jeptha Wade arrived in Cleveland in the 1850s, already having amassed part of his fortune in the telegraph industry, and proceeded to become one of the citys wealthiest residents by expanding his holdings into the industries of steel and banking. Like Marcus Hanna, John D Rockefeller and John Severance, his contemporaries along Euclid Avenues Millionaires Row, Wade used his industrial wealth to endow cultural and educational institutions. In 1882, he donated 63 acre of land east of the city for the purpose of creating a park, which was named in his honor. Today, the bequeathed Wade property serves as the campus for some of Clevelands best-known tourist attractions.</p><br>
<h2>Wade Park</h2><br>
<p>While not part of the NRHP listing, Wade Park was constructed from land donated by Jeptha Wade, who expressly intended part of it as the location for an art museum. Today, the most prominent features of Wade Park are the Cleveland Museum of Art and the adjacent Wade Park Lagoon, both of which sit at the park&#39;s main entrance at southern tip of the historic district.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Cleveland Museum of Art</p><br>
<p>Cleveland Botanical Gardens</p><br>
<p>Cleveland Institute of Art</p><br>
<p>Cleveland Institute of Music</p><br>
<p>Severance Hall</p><br>
<p>Cleveland Museum of Natural History</p><br>
<p>Western Reserve Historical Society</p><br>
<p>Crawford Auto-Aviation Museum</p><br>
<p>Epworth Euclid Church</p><br>
<p>The Piety Hill Historic District is a historic district located in downtown Lapeer in Lapeer County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic Site and also added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 26, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The 15.5 acre (6.3 ha) district is very irregularly shaped and includes 29 assorted properties along the streets of Calhoun, Monroe, Madison, Washington, Main (M-24), Park, Liberty, Church, and Nepessing in the city of Lapeer. The district includes several Greek Revival houses dating from around 1830–1850. Other houses in the style of Queen Anne and Second Empire are scattered throughout the district. The most recent structures included as contributing properties within the district are a Georgian-style library (1923) and post office (1932). Piety Hill Historic District is the center of Lapeer&#39;s early religious gatherings and is the oldest platted section of Lapeer. Today, the district includes five different church structures dating from 1881–1911, although the majority of the properties in the district are single-family dwellings.</p><br>
<p>The Detroit–Bay City Railroad Company Columbiaville Depot, currently known as the Columbiaville Rotary Club and Public Library, is a former train station located at 4643 First Street in the village of Columbiaville in Marathon Township in northwestern Lapeer County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic Site on October 23, 1979 and later added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 5, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1893, the structure is a mix of Late Victorian, Queen Anne, and Richardsonian Romanesque style architecture. It is a small, one-story brick building with walls measuring 18 inches (46 cm) thick, and it maintains its original paneling, floors, ceiling, and painted brick walls since its construction. The structure was built on the site of an earlier train station that was built in 1872. The site served as a train station from 1872–1964 and was a prominent stopover for passenger and freight trains traveling to and from Detroit and Bay City, and the Columbiaville Depot aided in the growth of the area. The station is associated with lumber entrepreneur William Peter (1824–1899), who moved to the area in 1847 and platted the village of Columbiaville in 1871. To spur his business, Peter built the first station with an agreement with the Detroit–Bay City Railroad Company to establish a depot in Columbiaville, and the current structure was completed in 1893 to further increase transportation along the railway. The depot was decommissioned in 1964, and the railway itself ceased operation in 1977. The structure today houses the Columbiaville Rotary Club and a public library.</p><br>
<p>The Brinkerhoff–Becker House, also known as the Becker–Stachlewitz House, was built as a private home, and is located at 601 West Forest Avenue Ypsilanti, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1977 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. and</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brinkerhoff–Becker House was built in 1863–69. It was eventually purchased by J. M. B. Sill, one of the early Principals of the Michigan State Normal School (now Eastern Michigan University). Charles J. Becker purchased the house in 1889, and remodeled it in 1891 to include the prominent tower. The Becker family lived there until approximately 1918. It was later remodeled into apartments.</p><br>
<p>The house is currently owned by Eastern Michigan University and is split into four apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Brinkerhoff–Becker House is a 2-1/2 story square frame Queen Anne structure. Its more recognizable architectural feature is the round tower with a helmet dome at the corner.</p><br>
<p>Whatcroft Hall is a country house situated 1.5 mi to the southeast of the village of Davenham, Cheshire, England. It stands to the east of, and overlooking, the Trent and Mersey Canal. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Whatcroft Hall was built in 1780, and enlarged in 1807 for James Topping. The enlargement included a new front, and a dome at the centre of the house over a spiral staircase. There was a later extension adding bay windows, a loggia and a service wing, These were removed in 1938 when the house was reduced in size for Mrs F. F. Stirling. As of 2011, the house is being remodelled again.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is constructed in brick with a slate roof. Its architectural style is Georgian. The house is in two storeys. The entrance front, which faces northwest, has six bays. At its corners are full-height pilasters surmounted by stone ogee finials. This front contains a pair of doors in a doorcase with pilasters, above which is frieze decorated with festoons and foliage, and a dentil pediment. The windows are sashes. The garden front at the southwest of the house has five bays. It contains four French windows and more sash windows. At the rear of the house is another pilastered doorcase with a pediment. The northeast elevation contains a further door, this one surmounted by a fanlight. On the roof of the house is a copper-covered, ogee-shaped cupola, with a weathervane. It stands on a drum containing four two-light Gothic-style windows. Internally, beneath the cupola, is a stone spiral staircase, with a metal balustrade and a wooden handrail.</p><br>
<p>The William Perrin Nicolson House is a historic house built in 1891, located on Piedmont Ave. in Midtown Atlanta, northeast of downtown. The building was designated in 1989 as a historic building by the City of Atlanta, as William Perrin Nicolson House. The building was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the William P. Nicolson House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1891 by William Perrin Nicolson as a wedding present for his bride, Carolyn Crane. The building was designed by regionally renowned master architect Walter T. Downing in the Eclectic Colonial Revival style. Downing designed many public buildings and churches, such as Sacred Heart Church (1877–98) but his most unusual and impressive works were his residential designs where his eclectic and individualistic style shines through.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and is a City of Atlanta Landmark Building and Site (1989). One reason for its listing is that it is now a relatively rare surviving example of W.T. Downing&#39;s residential work, being one of only five of his houses in Atlanta still extant, and it is the only one reflecting the distinctive style that he developed in his designs commissioned in the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The listing included two contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The property is documented by several interior and exterior photos in Downing&#39;s book titled Domestic Architecture.</p><br>
<p>William Perrin Nicolson died in 1928 and the house remained in the Nicolson family until in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Inn</h2><br>
<p>The Nicolson House received the "Atlanta Urban Design Commission Award of Excellence for Historic Preservation and Adaptive Re-Use" from Atlanta Mayor Andrew Young in 1987. It is one of the featured properties in the 1991 book Classic Atlanta: Landmarks of the Atlanta Spirit. The property was operated as the Shellmont Inn Bed and Breakfast until 2016.</p><br>
<h2>In modern culture</h2><br>
<p>It was featured in the 2015 movie in Chevy Chases "Vacation" series, Vacation, as Clark and Ellen Griswolds personal bed and breakfast business.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer State Bank No. 36 is a bank building located at 4046 Huron Street  in the village of North Branch in North Branch Township in northern Lapeer County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic Site on October 23, 1979 and later added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 22, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1906, the Pioneer State Bank building is a simple, rectangular, two-story brick building in the style of Renaissance Revival architecture. It was designed by architects Dillon Clark and Alverton Munger of Bay City. The bank stands as the oldest bank institution in North Branch. Pioneer State Bank was founded in 1885 as a state bank and reorganized in 1889. In 1903, the present site was purchased for a new building, which was completed in 1906. The structure continues to operate as an independent bank.</p><br>
<p>The Islands North of Port Stewart Important Bird Area comprises ten small islands, with a combined area of 137 ha, on the Great Barrier Reef, off the north-eastern coast of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Most of the islands are low-lying coral cays, vegetated with grass, herbs and vines. Some of the larger islands have patches of Pisonia grandis or mangroves. The climate is tropical and monsoonal, with the nearby mainland supporting rainforest. The IBA lies opposite the Iron and McIlwraith Ranges Important Bird Area (IBA), which provides feeding habitat for pied imperial-pigeons nesting on the islands.</p><br>
<p>The islands extend from Night Island, lying off the coast of the McIlwraith Range, southwards to Burkitt Island, north of Port Stewart. They have been identified by BirdLife International as an IBA because, collectively, they support over 1% of the world populations of nesting pied imperial-pigeons, brown boobies and lesser crested terns.</p><br>
<p>The islands include:</p><br>
<p>* Night Island (50 ha)</p><br>
<p>* Lowrie Islet (1 ha)</p><br>
<p>* Sand Bank No. 7 (2 ha)</p><br>
<p>* Sand Bank No. 8 (3 ha)</p><br>
<p>* Morris Island (2 ha)</p><br>
<p>* Hay Island (10 ha)</p><br>
<p>* Hannah Island (30 ha)</p><br>
<p>* Pelican Island (8 ha)</p><br>
<p>* Stainer Island (1 ha)</p><br>
<p>* Burkitt Island (20 ha)</p><br>
<p>Creech Hill is a hill in south east Somerset, England, which is notable for a univallate Iron Age hill fort. The hill is situated approximately 1.2 mi north west of the small town of Bruton.</p><br>
<h2>Hill fort</h2><br>
<p>The hill fort is at the northern end of Creech Hill, near the village of Milton Clevedon. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<h2>Roman temple</h2><br>
<p>Lamyatt Beacon marks the highest area of the hill, and is the site of a Romano-Celtic temple, which was in use from 250 AD to 375 AD.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>According to the folklorist Katharine Briggs, Creech Hill is said to be haunted by a ghost known as the Bullbeggar. From traditions collected by Ruth Tongue in 1906 and published in County Folklore (vol. 8) she recounts how in the 1880s two bodies had been dug up during quarrying operations. Afterward the hill became haunted by a "black uncanny shape" and unseen footsteps. A farmer coming home late one night saw a figure laying in the road and approached to offer help, whereupon it suddenly got up and chased him all the way to his own door. His family ran to his rescue and saw the figure bounding away with wild laughter. Another traveller at night was attacked on Creech Hill and defended himself from midnight to morning with the help of a staff made of ash.</p><br>
<p>Long Wood Enclosure is an Enclosure which may have been a univallate Iron Age hill fort, in the West Somerset district of Somerset, England. The hill fort is situated approximately 3.5 km southwest from the village of Dunster. It has been scheduled as an ancient monument.</p><br>
<p>The enclosure approximately 40 m in diameter and covers around 0.15 hectare. It is surrounded by a bank and ditch about 6.5 m wide and 1.9 m high. The original entrance is likely to be a break in the bank opposite a causeway on the uphill southwesterly side. The hill fort has been damaged in recent years due to forestry plantation.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>Kuerner Farm, also known as Ring Farm, is a historic farm in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, notable for its association with artist Andrew Wyeth, who created about one-third of his work, over 1,000 paintings and drawings, on subjects he found there over a span of 77 years. The farm was listed in the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 2011. The property abuts the Brandywine Battlefield, another National Historic Landmark. The farm is open to public tours, operated by the Brandywine River Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Battle of Brandywine, fought nearby on September 11, 1777, left a cannon ball and grapeshot in the farm&#39;s fields. Continental troops and militia units marched past on Ring road, but no actual fighting on the property can be documented. Brandywine Battlefield State Park is about a half-mile north of the farm. Caleb Ring built the farmhouse c. 1814, and a third story was added c. 1850.</p><br>
<p>Illustrator Howard Pyle taught art students, including N. C. Wyeth, at Turner&#39;s Mill on US 1, just north of the farm, during the summers from 1898 to 1903.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, Karl Kuerner and his wife Anna rented the farm, which they bought in 1940. Karl had been a sheepherder near the Black Forest in his native Germany, and had been a machine gunner in the German Army during World War I, before moving to Philadelphia in 1926. Andrew Wyeth&#39;s first painting of the farm was completed in 1932, at age 15.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, Andrew&#39;s father, N. C. Wyeth, and his grandson were killed when their car, stalled at the railroad crossing near the northwest corner of the farm, was struck by a train.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Wyeth met Helga Testorf in 1971 while she was nursing Karl Kuerner at the farm. A German immigrant, she lived across Ring Road from the farm with her husband. She soon began secretly modeling for Wyeth in a famous series of paintings and drawings. That year the first nude painting in the series was painted in the sewing room in the farm house. The works, numbering more than 240, remained secret until 1987, when they were exhibited at the National Gallery of Art.</p><br>
<p>Karl Kuerner died in 1979, followed by Anna in 1997. In 1999, the farm was acquired by the Brandywine Conservancy, which offers tours of the farm through its Brandywine River Museum. It was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. In 2014 the listing was expanded to include the former schoolhouse used by Wyeth as a studio.</p><br>
<h2>Works</h2><br>
<p>Some of the paintings Andrew Wyeth created here include:</p><br>
<p>Winter 1946 (1946)</p><br>
<p>Snow Flurries (1953)</p><br>
<p>Brown Swiss (1957)</p><br>
<p>Groundhog Day (1959)</p><br>
<p>Evening at Kuerners (1970)</p><br>
<p>Young Bull (1960)</p><br>
<p>Spring Fed (1967)</p><br>
<p>Overflow (1978)</p><br>
<p>Snow Hill (1989)</p><br>
<p>Karl</p><br>
<p>The Kuerners</p><br>
<p>It was here also that Wyeth created many of The Helga Pictures, a series of more than 200 works all involving the model Helga Testorf, whom he met while she worked as a nurse caring for the farm&#39;s owner, Karl Kuerner.</p><br>
<p>The Ichinomiya River is a river in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is 37.3 km in length and has a drainage area of 222 km&sup2;. Under the Rivers Act of 1906 the Ichinomiya is designated as a Class 2 River. The river basin of the Ichinomiya was a social, cultural, and economic center of Kazusa Province in pre-modern Japan. Although very shallow, the river was used to transport sardines from Kujukuri Beach to Tokyo Bay until the beginning of the Meiji period.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The source of the Ichinomiya River is in the Fukusawa District of Chōnan, and crosses the southern part of the Kujukuri Plain through Ōtaki, Nagara, Mobara, and Mutsuzawa, and the town of Ichinomiya. It pours into the Pacific Ocean in the Ichimatsu District of the village of Chōsei.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Mizusawa River</p><br>
<p>Habu River</p><br>
<p>Chōrakuji River</p><br>
<p>Obuta River</p><br>
<p>Satsubo River</p><br>
<p>Tsurue River</p><br>
<p>Aku River</p><br>
<p>Toyoda River</p><br>
<p>Sanzu River</p><br>
<p>Mizugami River</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Drake Well is a 69.5 ft oil well in Cherrytree Township, Venango County in the USA state of Pennsylvania, the success of which sparked the first oil boom in the United States. The well is the centerpiece of the Drake Well Museum located 3 mi south of Titusville.</p><br>
<p>Drilled by Edwin Drake in 1859, along the banks of Oil Creek, it is the first commercial oil well in the United States. Drake Well was listed on National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966. It was designated a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1979. The well was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark in 2009, on the sesquicentennial of the strike.</p><br>
<p>The Drake Well is often referred to as the first commercial oil well, although that title is also claimed for wells in Azerbaijan, Ontario, West Virginia, and Poland, among others. However, before the Drake Well, oil-producing wells in the United States were wells that were drilled for salt brine, and produced oil and gas only as accidental byproducts. An intended drinking water well at Oil Springs, Ontario found oil in 1858, a year before the Drake Well, but it had not been drilled for oil. Historians have noted that the importance of the Drake Well was not in being the first well to produce oil, but in attracting the first great wave of investment in oil drilling, refining, and marketing:</p><br>
<h2>Location and geology</h2><br>
<p>The Drake Well is located in Cherrytree Township, Venango County in northwestern Pennsylvania. situated on the flats 150 ft from the east bank of Oil Creek. The site was originally on an artificial island formed by the creek and a mill race. On a floodplain, the well and the museum are protected by an earthen dike.</p><br>
<p>Most of the oil produced in northwestern Pennsylvania was formed in sandstone reservoir rocks at the boundary between the Mississippian and Devonian rock layers. Over time, the oil migrated toward the surface, became trapped beneath an impervious layer of caprock, and formed a reservoir. The presence of upwards-curving folds in the caprock called anticlines, or sometimes an inversion of an anticline called a syncline, greatly varied the depth of the reservoirs, from around 4,000 ft to just beneath the surface.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Petroleum found along Oil Creek was known to Native Americans for hundreds of years through natural seeps. Europeans became aware of the existence of petroleum in the 1600s. At the time, this "mineral-oil" was used primarily for medicinal purposes and was reputed to cure many ailments, including rheumatism and arthritis. Around 1848, Samuel Kier realized the potential of the medicinal oil as an illuminant. Kier distilled the oil to make it more suitable in lamps by removing the odor and impurities that created soot when burned. A sample of oil was brought to Dartmouth College by Francis B. Brewer from the Watson, Brewer and Company Farm on Oil Creek around 1853. The sample was acquired by George Bissell who, along with Jonathan G. Eveleth purchased the farm for $5,000. Bissell and Eveleth took another sample of oil to Benjamin Silliman at Yale University in 1855 for further investigation. Silliman&#39;s report confirmed the quality of the petroleum and described the distillation processes needed to produce kerosene. The Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company was incorporated and the farm transferred to the company.</p><br>
<h3>Construction and operation</h3><br>
<p>Edwin Drake, a former conductor for the New York and New Haven Railroad, invested $200, his entire savings, into the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company. Drake became more involved in the company and traveled to Titusville, Pennsylvania and the Brewer and Watson Farm in December 1857. His report prompted Bissell and Eveleth to organize the Seneca Oil Company in Connecticut in March 1858 and to place Drake in charge of producing petroleum. Because Drake decided that drilling in the manner of salt wells would yield more petroleum than conventional digging, he hired William A. Smith, a Tarentum blacksmith and salt-well driller, to aid in the endeavor. An engine house and derrick were constructed, and Drake purchased a 6 hp, horizontal steam engine. The steam engine was used to ram the drill through the soil until it reached bedrock 32 ft down. After it was found that groundwater would cause the walls of the hole to collapse, Drake acquired 50 ft of cast iron pipe to stabilize the hole. After reaching bedrock, Drake and Smith were able to drill at a rate of 3 ft per day. Drake&#39;s colleagues back in Connecticut gave up on finding any oil by April 1859 and after spending $2,500, Drake took out a $500 loan to keep the operation going. The drill reached its maximum depth of 69.5 ft on August 27, 1859. Smith visited the well the next day and found oil visible on top of the water 5 in from the top of the well. The original structures at the well caught fire in October 1859 and were rebuilt by Drake a month later. The well produced 12 to 20 oilbbl a day, but, after the price of oil plummeted from the resulting boom, it was never profitable. The well stopped producing in 1861 and the Seneca Oil Company sold the property in 1864. The derrick was moved in 1876 to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>The well remained abandoned until 1889, when David Emery of Titusville bought the site, erected a derrick and cleaned out the well. Emery was able to obtain a small quantity of petroleum from the well and attempted to sell it as souvenirs to raise funds "to perpetuate the site", but died before he was able to do so. His widow donated the 1 acre that included the well to the Canadohta Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1913. The chapter erected a limestone boulder with a bronze plaque at the well in 1914 to commemorate the site. In 1931, the American Petroleum Institute donated $60,000 for the creation of a museum and library, as well as a dike to protect Drake Well from flooding by Oil Creek. The Institute stipulated that when the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania took ownership of the site during the Diamond Jubilee of Drake Well in 1934, it was to be made a state park. The Drake Well State Park remained under the control of the Department of Forestry and Waters, the precursor to the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, until 1943 when it was transferred along with the Cornwall Iron Furnace in Lebanon County to the Pennsylvania Historical Commission.</p><br>
<p>Since at least the late-1890s, the only artifacts remaining from the original well were the drilling tools and drivepipe, much to the disappointment of visitors to Drake Well. In 1945, the Pennsylvania General Assembly appropriated $185,000 for the construction of a replica derrick and engine house, including pumping equipment. The "board-for-board replica" was duplicated from photographs of the well taken by John A. Mather from the 1860s. Drake Well was listed on National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark on November 13, 1966 by the National Park Service. Authentic reproductions of the steam engine and boiler were purchased in Erie and installed in 1986. The American Chemical Society designated the Drake Well a National Historic Chemical Landmark on August 27, 2009, the 150th anniversary of the strike.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Drake Well Museum encompasses 22 acre of land that surrounds the well. The museum was accredited by the American Alliance of Museums in 1983 and reaccredited in 1995. The museum has a station on the Oil Creek and Titusville Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Browns Bay is a small sandy bay on the northern tip of the Islandmagee peninsula, near Larne in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The car park has 150 spaces. The caravan park closed in 2014 for operational reasons. A review of the facilities is currently being carried out. Dogs must be on a lead between 11.00 am and 6.00 pm from 1 June -31 August plus all Public and Bank Holidays. A Fixed Penalty of £80 is applicable. Outside these hours and for the rest of year there are no restrictions. However, owners are nevertheless asked to use their own good judgement, for example do not allow dogs loose if there are many people on the beach. Dog foul must never be left anywhere including the less accessible grass or stony areas. Place into the bins provided. A small shop is open part-time hours. Toilets have disabled and baby changing facilities. They are cleaned every day and open all year.</p><br>
<p>Gökgöl Cave  is a show cave in Zonguldak Province, Turkey. It is the fifth biggest cave of the country. It is close to a main highway and is well-decorated with stalactites and stalagmites and attracts many visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The cave is located at 5 km southeast of Zonguldak on the roadside of Zongıldak-Ankara highway.</p><br>
<h2>Formation and geology</h2><br>
<p>The cave is situated at 82 m above main sea level on the eastern bank of Erçek Creek, which has eroded its riverbed to a deeper level. It is an active or semi-active speleogenesis cave system that has been forming since the rocks were laid down in the Neogene period, between 7.0 and 2.5 million years ago. The karst cave was formed horizontally inside carboniferous limestone. The cave consists of four distinct rock layers, which show that the region underwent four different geomorphological periods. An east-west directed fault was also instrumental in the formation of the cave in addition to the dissolution of limestone by carbonic acid.</p><br>
<p>The total length of the east-west directed cave is 3,350 m. It consists of a main gallery and two auxiliary galleries, one stretching towards north and the other southwards. The cave has three entrances, two of them being from previous periods, and one is still active. Situated beside Erçek Creek, the hydrological active entrance is inaccessible to humans because it is narrow and wet. The cave is entered through a large mouth located at a higher level. A 875 m-long portion of the cave is open to public.</p><br>
<p>The main gallery ends at a narrow and wet siphon, which is 10 m higher than the entrance. There are large chambers formed by collapse of the roof where auxiliary galleries branch off. The section of the main gallery between the entrance and the large collapse chamber varies from 2 to 15 m wide, and has a height of 1 -. By contrast, the following gallery section is only 1 to 5 m wide, and its height varies between 0.5 and. The southern gallery is older than the northwards directed one. The northern gallery is much narrower than the other gallery. Underground water running in the cave joins Erçek Creek. The cave section in the vadose zone, the main gallery and the great collapse chamber, are rich with colorful speleothems such as stalactites, stalagmites, draperies, sinterfahne and dripstones. The sections beyond the great collapse chamber of the main gallery and the northern gallery contain only wall dripstones and patterns formed by underground water.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Generally, there is little air movement observable in the cave; only at locations with low clearances and at the siphon is any breeze felt.</p><br>
<p>The air temperature inside the cave is different from the temperature outside. The temperature in the interior falls with increasing distance from the entrance. In July, when the outside temperature is 27 &deg;C, it is 18 &deg;C in the entrance chamber, in front of the intermediate siphon 14 &deg;C, in the great collapse chamber 13 &deg;C, in the northern and southern galleries 12 &deg;C, and it drops to 11 &deg;C at the end of the main gallery.</p><br>
<p>Relative humidity inside the cave also differs from that outside with increasing values going further in. It was observed as 61% at the entrance chamber, in front of the intermediate siphon 87%, in the middle of the northern gallery 86%, at the southern gallery 88% and at the end of the main gallery as 89%, compared to an outside relative humidity of 55%.</p><br>
<p>The cave establishes a microclimatic area with its local set of atmospheric conditions. In the summer time, it is cooler and in the winter months, it is warmer than the surrounding area. Surveys conducted by the Zonguldak Medical Chamber showed that patients suffering from respiratory diseases like asthma can benefit, their breathing being temporarily eased by the cave&#39;s climate.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The cave, which shows a polycyclic character in terms of its formation, has three different hydrological zones. The vadose zone, which was formed in the first development phase, is completely dry except for water dripping from the ceiling. The existence of a subterranean river even during dry seasons is known in the main gallery beyond the great collapse chamber and in the auxiliary galleries, which are of active and semi active characteristics. Water coming from inside the cave merges at the entrance of the great collapse chamber, vanishes in the active main gallery and joins Erçek Creek. During rainy periods, water enters and forms pools on the cave floor of the section between the entrance and the siphon. Part of these waters start flowing and pour out of the second mouth after running through the sinkholes in the entrance chamber. The siphon at the end of the collapse chamber has no outlet, and so this gets flooded during wet weather, and passages become blocked.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>There is no endemic faunal species in the cave. Common animals present include a subspecies of flatworm (Platyhelminthes) and black-colored molluscs, observed in the section between the entrance and the siphon. Blind cave millipedes (Diplopoda), European cave spiders (Meta menardi) and cave bats (Myotis velifer) are the other animals found in this section. No animals have been observed beyond the siphon. The pools formed by the subterranean river are habitat for fish the size of 10 -.</p><br>
<h2>Background and tourism</h2><br>
<p>The cave was discovered in 1976 by Temuçen Aygen, Chris Mauer and Harvery Lomas. Between 1997 and 2001, the cave was fitted up with a 875 m-long walkway, bridges, drainage channels, lighting and sound system equipment to convert part of it into a show cave. Opened to the public in June 2001, the cave is run by the Provincial Special Administration of Zonguldak.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to its close vicinity to the main road, the number of visitors it attracts is high. Between 2001 and 2008, the cave attracted 218,000 visitors according to official records. The cave is open for visiting between 9:00–18:00 hours. It features a parking lot, snack kiosks and souvenir shops.</p><br>
<p>Gökgöl Cave was flooded in 2014, and remained closed to visitors until 2016; after removing the infrastructure damage caused by water and mud, and taking measures to guard against possible flooding in the future, the cave was re-opened in May 2016.</p><br>
<p>Albert S. Heck Mansion, also known as the McIntosh Mansion, is a historic home located near Spencer, Roane County, West Virginia. It was designed by the construction firm of Wallace Knight of West Virginia, the same construction firm that constructed the West Virginia Executive Mansion. The Albert S. Heck Mansion and the Executive Mansion were constructed around the same time. It was built in 1925, and is two story, brick Neoclassical style mansion. It has 17 rooms, 6 baths and a full basement. It features a front portico with two story fluted Corinthian order columns and pilasters attached at the return to the house. The basement features locker rooms and showers. The house was built by Albert Heck, a local Roane County business man who invested in the booming oil industry in the early 1920s. Albert Heck was forced to sell the home during the Great Depression. It was purchased by the McIntosh family in 1936.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Willington Hall is a former country house in the parish of Willington, Cheshire, England. It was extended in 1878, but reduced in size in the 1950s, and has since been in use as a hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1829 by Richard Tomkinson on land purchased in 1827 by Major William Tomkinson from Lord Alvanley. Designed by Nantwich architect George Latham, in 1878 a new east front was added for William&#39;s son James Tomkinson. At the same time a new wing and stable blocks were added, and in the 1920s a laundry block was built. Although it escaped the fate of the destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain, during the 1950s it was reduced in size, removing the 1878 east front and some of the outbuildings. In 1955 a portico was added, and it has since been in use as a hotel. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Willington Hall is constructed in orange brick with buff sandstone dressings and a Welsh slate roof. The brickwork is decorated with diapering in blue brick. The architectural style is described as Jacobean, The building is square in plan, plus a wing to the north. It has two storeys and an attic. The façades are symmetrical The garden front faces south and consists of three bays. The lateral bays contain canted bay windows and have shaped gables. The windows are mullioned and transomed. The entrance bay faces east and also has three bays, the lateral bays having triangular gables. At the front of the central bay is a porch with four Tuscan columns.</p><br>
<h2>Associated structures</h2><br>
<p>There are two structures associated with the hall that are also Grade II listed buildings. The first is a sundial in the garden dating from about 1830 and constructed in ashlar buff sandstone. The other consists of the south and east walls of the terrace, that are also in sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The Wheeler–Stallard House is located on West Bleeker Street in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is an 1880s brick structure built in the Queen Anne architectural style, and renovated twice in the 20th century. In 1975 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Jerome B. Wheeler, an early investor in Aspens silver mines during its boomtown years. He and two wealthy tenants rarely spent much time in the house before the Colorado Silver Boom ended in 1893. After a decade of vacancy, it became the home of the Stallard family for much of the early 20th century, the "quiet years" when Aspens economy was depressed and its remaining residents struggled to make a living.</p><br>
<p>After World War II it was bought by Walter Paepcke, who like Wheeler came to visit Aspen and invested heavily in its development, leading to the city becoming a cultural center and upscale ski resort. He never lived there himself, and it eventually became the residence of Alvin C. Eurich during his tenure as Aspen Institute president. Since the late 1960s it has been the home of the Aspen Historical Society, which operates it partially as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The house and its lot take up most of the north side of the block of West Bleeker between North Fifth, North Sixth and West Hallam streets in Aspen&#39;s residential West End. Main Street, part of State Highway 82, the only through road to and from the city, is a block to the south. One block further south the level terrain gives way to the slopes of Aspen Mountain There is a detached garage and parking lot in the rear.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a three-story structure of brick on a stone foundation laid in common bond with wooden trim. The cross-gabled roof has a shed-roofed dormer window on the south face; the west gable ends in a jerkin roof and the other three have projecting central sections. Three tall fluted brick chimneys rise from the sides. The first story of the south (front) elevation has a projecting flat-roofed bay window on the west; a pent-roofed balustraded porch begins on the east and wraps around that entire elevation.</p><br>
<p>All windows on the lower two stories are double-hung sash with an unusual twelve-over-one pattern. The upper two panes of a six-over-one are further divided by muntins into four smaller panes each. They are set underneath splayed brick arched lintels. On the gables they are double windows; except for the south gable which has triple windows on both stories.</p><br>
<p>The roofline of the projecting bay on the south has a cornice topped with corbeled brickwork. The gables likewise are set off from the lower stories by a projecting flared roof supported by elaborate wooden brackets. The gable roofline is lined with paneled bargeboards. Recessed within are two casement windows with diamond patterns in a scalloped face. Similar windows are within the dormer as well.</p><br>
<p>Paneled double wooden doors open into a small lobby, with a closet on the side and stairs leading up in the southeast corner. The original summer kitchen is to the rear. To the west is the living room, with the dining room and kitchen behind it. All the rooms on the second story were originally bedrooms. The attic has been divided into rooms as well. They are furnished in a manner that as close as possible replicates how they might have originally been furnished around 1890.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The houses history has roughly four periods: its early years after Wheeler built it, during which it was never occupied by its residents for a long period and later fell vacant when the citys economy faltered; the Stallard familys occupancy and later ownership in the first half of the 20th century, Aspens "quiet years&quot Walter Paepcke&#39;s ownership in the years after World War II; and its present ownership by the historical society.</p><br>
<h3>1889–92: Construction and Wheeler years</h3><br>
<p>Jerome B. Wheeler, then the minority partner in the Macy&#39;s department store chain, first visited Aspen in 1883. The rapidly growing community had not existed a decade earlier, and had only incorporated as a city four years earlier. The silver miners who were its earliest settlers looked to someone like Wheeler as the kind of Eastern investor who could make it practical to extract the extensive silver deposits in the surrounding mountains—at the time, it was necessary to haul any significant amounts of ore over the Continental Divide at Independence Pass to Leadville, where the nearest smelter was, via mule train.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler invested heavily in building a smelter in Aspen, and bringing a railroad connection to the city, while spending the summers in Manitou Springs. He built two of downtown Aspen&#39;s main landmarks, the Wheeler Opera House and Hotel Jerome. It appears that he began planning to build a permanent residence in the city as early as 1886, when he bought the tracts of land where the house now stands.</p><br>
<p>It is unclear what year the house was built, or who the architect was. The year of construction most often claimed is 1888. It is unlikely to have been built earlier, since Wheeler would have not likely built anything before he bought the rights to build over a city-owned easement for an alley across the middle of the block in 1887 (at the time it was built, it was the only house in Aspen with an entire block to itself. There is no record of the house existing before 1890, when Wheeler made his first property tax payment on it and two extant photographs were taken, so it is entirely possible that 1889 was the true year of construction.</p><br>
<p>Denver-based architects Frederick A. Hale and William Quayle have both been suggested as the architect. Both built major buildings in the city—Hale the Aspen Community Church and the Aspen and Cowenhoven blocks downtown, and Quayle the Pitkin County Courthouse respectively—during the time period. An undated history of the house in the historical society&#39;s collection attributes the building to Hale; this is the only known attribution of the house to any architect. No newspaper accounts or other records from the late 1880s suggest Quayle and Wheeler had any contact during the courthouse construction, or that Hale was even in Aspen at that time.</p><br>
<p>Around this time Wheeler retired from Macys, possibly as a result of a power struggle with majority partner Charles Webster, allowing him to devote his full attention to his interests in the Colorado mountains. Since Aspen was conveniently located to most of them, he had intended for the new house there to become the familys permanent home. Local legend holds that Harriet Wheeler never visited Aspen, either because of her health or a supposed dislike for the mountains. However, newspaper accounts state that the Wheelers, including Harriet, did make several short visits to Aspen in 1888–89, during which they may well have spent their nights at the house if it was complete.</p><br>
<p>The Wheelers would instead take up full-time residence in Windermere, another mansion they were building in Manitou Springs. Jerome Wheeler instead rented it in 1889 to James Henry Devereux, a former manager of his Aspen mining company who had since become an officer of the local electric utility, among his own other business interests around the state. He and his family lived in the house intermittently and then moved to their own permanent Aspen home in 1890.</p><br>
<p>They were replaced very soon by Henry Woodward, who had briefly managed the opera house for Wheeler. By 1890 he had become Wheelers general agent for Colorado, managing all his employers interests in the state. Woodward eventually became vice president of Wheelers Aspen bank as well, and he and his wife were prominent in the citys social life, hosting parties at the house. They, like the Wheelers and Devereuxs, often took extended visits away from it as well.</p><br>
<p>One of those extended vacations led to the Woodwards departure from the house. In 1892 they went to Cuba, ostensibly for the warmer climate, and did not return for at least four months. Woodward may also have been seeking to avoid criminal prosecution for possible illegal acts on Wheelers behalf during litigation between his employer and a former partner. After Woodwards return, he remained Wheelers agent but moved into a new house on West Hallam Street.</p><br>
<p>Instead of finding a new tenant, Wheeler eventually sold the property to his mother-in-law. He eventually liquidated most of his Aspen interests over the course of 1892, both to pay off debts and legal judgements against him, and because he may have been concerned by drops in the price of silver. He did not liquidate enough to protect himself from the severe setbacks he incurred the following year, when the Panic of 1893 struck and, as a result, Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act which had kept the Colorado mines in business. Wheeler&#39;s mining company laid off all its employees, and his banks closed for two years. He rarely visited Aspen after that, and spent most of his time in Windermere, the Manitou Springs house, until his death in 1918.</p><br>
<h3>1893–1945: Stallards and quiet years</h3><br>
<p>There is no record of anyone living in the house in the years immediately following the crash. This was the beginning of a half-century of Aspen&#39;s history referred to as "the quiet years", during which the collapse of the mining industry and ensuing economic contraction led to a steady population decline. At its nadir, in 1930, around 500 lived in a city which had once been home to over 10,000.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler&#39;s mother-in-law in turn sold the house to a fellow New Yorker, Christopher Bell, for $5,000 ($ in modern dollars), a quarter of what she had paid for it, along with the Wheeler Opera House. He was a frequent business partner and lender to Wheeler in those years, and buying some of his now-toxic assets at prices well above their minimal market value may have been a way to help the Wheeler family out financially without loaning them more money. Bell does not appear to have ever visited Aspen before his death in 1902.</p><br>
<p>His will bequeathed the Aspen properties to his youngest son Dennistoun. In 1905 he allowed Edgar Stallard, a local real estate agent who had become manager of the opera house the year before, to move into the house in return for services rendered, according to his descendants. One of them recalled in an interview years later that the house was severely neglected, as were many buildings from Aspen&#39;s boom years, when they moved in, further suggesting that no one had lived there since the Woodwards.</p><br>
<p>The Stallards became the first true residents of the house, in the process changing how it was used. Unlike the Wheelers, Devereuxs or Woodwards, they could not afford servants, so the rooms set aside for them instead became the bedrooms for their children and, after 1908, two nieces of Mary Ella Stallard they took in after her sister died. Edgar, who had done business in Aspen since 1889, had been relatively prosperous since the crash, managing and renting properties for newly absentee owners who had left town, but even though he was agent for the Hotel Jerome as well, his income was not enough to support the family. Mary Ella supplemented it with subsistence farming, growing vegetables on a rear garden and ranching a plot of land outside of town to feed the family&#39;s animals, chores in which she was assisted by the Stallard sons when they grew old enough. Surplus milk and eggs were sold to other Aspenites. She also maintained a small photographic studio in the house, and refused to charge for the pictures she took of neighbors. The house, once a showplace for affluence, became a workplace as much as a residence.</p><br>
<p>One major difficulty was the impracticality of heating a house designed with wealthy and frequently absent occupants in mind through the severe winters of a mountain town almost 8,000 ft in elevation. The family added a coal shed, a feature no previous occupant had needed, on the north (rear) elevation. Franklin stoves replaced the fireplaces, now boarded at the flue to prevent heat loss. Cottonwoods planted around the block were gradually felled for firewood.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 ownership defaulted to the county as a result of the Bells&#39; failure to pay taxes on it. Two years later, the county put it up for sale at auction. In a depressed market with many vacant properties, it did not sell until a rancher bought it for $150 ($ in modern dollars). He then sold it to Mary Ella Stallard at cost. For the first time since 1888 the house was owner-occupied.</p><br>
<p>Not long after the Stallards became homeowners, their lives were again beset by adversity. In 1919 the last of the major silver mines around Aspen closed down. Edgar closed his real estate business and took a job as a deputy assessor for the county at much lower pay. That summer, the Stallards&#39; youngest son, Albert, died at the age of 12 of diphtheria. His mother was consumed by grief, and according to relatives never quite got over it. She nevertheless took in three of her grandnieces, who had lost their own mother to the 1918 flu pandemic and were not getting along with their stepmother, in 1921.</p><br>
<p>The three girls helped around the house as much as their mother and aunts had. This became especially necessary when Edgar Stallard died of chronic lung disease in 1925. She inherited some property and jewelry from him, but saved them for future use, and continued to subsist until the grandnieces had grown up and moved out by the late 1930s. To save money on heating, she closed off the upper floors, used the dining room as her bedroom and the small winter kitchen as the only kitchen.</p><br>
<p>By 1945 she had realized the house was too big for her, and moved to a smaller house on Main Street. That year she sold the house to William Tagert, who had long owned a feed store in the city. He immediately sold it to a visiting businessman from Chicago named Walter Paepcke.</p><br>
<h3>1945–69: Paepcke years</h3><br>
<p>Like Jerome Wheeler, Paepcke was a wealthy and successful head of a major corporation (Container Corporation of America) who visited Aspen while vacationing elsewhere in Colorado. He and his wife Elizabeth, both avid supporters of the arts, had been looking for an American location for a classical music festival similar to the Salzburg Festival in Austria. Aspens mountain setting was ideal, but the citys many derelict buildings were a problem. The couple was convinced that, if restored their Victorian charm would make Aspen a place visitors would want to return to.</p><br>
<p>They bought 18 properties around the city, including the house, and commissioned Bauhaus architect Herbert Bayer to help renovate them. Paepcke also made the acquaintance of Fritz Pferdl and several other veterans of the USA Army&#39;s Tenth Mountain Division who had begun developing downhill ski trails on Aspen Mountain before the war. He formed the Aspen Skiing Company with them, and in 1947 they built and opened Ski Lift No. 1, then the longest ski lift in the world. an event considered to have ended the quiet years and begun the development of Aspen into the upscale resort town it is today.</p><br>
<p>Skiing and the Aspen Music Festival, begun to commemorate the bicentennial of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1949, began attracting visitors to the city. The Hotel Jerome, then the only one in the city, could not always accomomdate them, and the Paepckes used the large houses in the West End when they had overflow. Elizabeth Paepcke, herself trained as a designer and architect, not only oversaw the renovation of the Wheeler–Stallard House but did some of the work herself, including ripping out some of the original wall plaster and replacing it with drywall, partitioning and finishing the attic and replacing some of the fireplace mantels. The interior layout may have been altered during this time, possibly with the closure of the entrance to the servants&#39; stairs in the rear and the entry to the backroom from the foyer and the addition of another bathroom on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>By 1952 the house was regularly housing visiting skiers, who slept in all the bedrooms save those on the attic under the gables. They had free run of the house, but rarely used its kitchens, instead going out to eat at the Jerome or Red Onion, the only restaurant in Aspen to have stayed open from the boom years. Maids from the hotel cleaned it and made the beds while the guests were on the slopes. Among them were Dan Holly, inventor of the first metallic ski.</p><br>
<p>Within four years, other lodging had opened in the city and the guesthouses were less necessary. By 1956 the Wheeler–Stallard, like the other West End houses owned by the Paepckes, were instead used as employee housing. Henri Cashid, chef at the Jerome, lived there with his wife starting that year. The upstairs bedrooms were also used to house the hotel&#39;s waitresses. The hotel installed a communal phone in the foyer there so the waitresses could better communicate with their superiors about their work schedules.</p><br>
<p>Aspen benefited from other initiatives of the Paepckes during this period. The Aspen Institute, a product of the Goethe bicentennial, began to focus more on larger global issues. Beginning in 1951, its annual Executive Seminar had drawn some of the nations top executives to the city. In 1963, two years after Walter Paepcke died, the house became the home of Alvin Eurich, the Institutes first president, as an employment benefit.</p><br>
<p>As part of that process, Elizabeth Paepcke oversaw another renovation of the house, primarily focused on its structural system. The basement, she told an interviewer later, had severe deficiencies. "You could see daylight four ways through the stone," she said. "an you imagine what happened in winter? Everything froze up, all the pipes and everything. They were always renewing the pipes and never repairing the basement."</p><br>
<p>Other changes made during this period including removing the section of porch that wrapped around the north elevation, supposedly requested by Eurich and his wife, and the current decoration on the first floor. The Institute reimbursed her for not only the $38,000 ($ in modern dollars) the effort cost her but the Paepckes original expenditure in purchasing the property. In return it received the right to use the property as a residence for its president, although it was still owned by Walter Paepckes life insurance trust.</p><br>
<p>Eurich, his wife Nell and their children (who both attended boarding schools and were rarely in Aspen) took up residence in the house in 1964. It became their primary home, and Nell Eurich converted the attic space into a study. In 1966, they began hosting the opening cocktail parties of the institute&#39;s summer programs at their home, to give participants an experience of Aspen beyond the Meadows complex it occupies. The following year, Eurich resigned as president to become a trustee of the institute and devote more energy to fundraising. His wife became dean of Vassar College, and the couple moved to their New York apartment.</p><br>
<p>They were the last real residents of the house. William Stevenson, who served as interim president of the institute for two years, never lived there. His successor, Joseph Slater, moved the institutes headquarters to New York in 1968, making the house unnecessary as a residence for the institutes president.</p><br>
<h3>1969–present: Historical society</h3><br>
<p>This time the house&#39;s vacancy was short-lived. The Aspen Historical Society, founded in 1963, had previously exhibited in City Hall and the Wheeler Opera House, with no permanent home. It quickly leased the house from the institute and opened it as a museum in 1969. Within a few months, it had raised the money to buy the house for $140,000 ($ in modern dollars) and by the end of the year it owned the property.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s Aspen had become a popular getaway for affluent celebrities and business executives. The society was able to raise considerable money from the community. In 1976 it built the "carriage house" to serve as an archive for its collections, to the north, with a driveway on Hallam Street. This was the last major change to the property, and the only outbuilding it has ever had.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 the society began a third set of renovations to make the house a better museum space. They were finished a year later. Since the society expected that at some future point it would use the space as a historic house museum, all the interior furnishings were retained. Outside, the picket fence was removed and the gardens redesigned to create a more open public space for the weddings and other events the society rents its grounds for. After the renovations, it opened its "Spirit of Aspen" exhibit. It closed in 2006 but can still be viewed online.</p><br>
<p>Church Cottage in the village of Tutshill, Gloucestershire, England, is a Grade II listed building, thought to have been designed by the architect Henry Woodyer. It was the childhood home, between the ages of 9 and 18, of Joanne Rowling, author  of the Harry Potter series of fantasy books.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in about 1852 in the Victorian Gothic style, and was originally used as a schoolhouse and then a rectory. Henry Woodyer designed the adjoining St. Luke&#39;s Church, and English Heritage regard him as "possibly" the designer of the cottage as well. The -storey building is of sandstone, with a tiled roof, two-light chamfered mullioned casements, small gablets and a porch. In 1988 it was listed, Grade II, as being of "Special Architectural or Historic Interest" by English Heritage, who reported its external appearance as "untouched from its original design".</p><br>
<p>Joanne Rowling, together with her parents and sister, moved to the house in 1974 when she was aged nine. The house was sold by the Rowling family in 1995, and then sold again in 2011. The owner, Julian Mercer, said of the house in 2011: "J. K. Rowling would have been here in her formative years and could have taken inspiration from the cottage. The architecture is very Hogwarts-like. It has vaulted ceilings, stone windows and oozes gothic spirit." Features inside the house include an under-stairs cupboard, reportedly similar to the one in which Rowling&#39;s character Harry Potter is forced to live, and a trapdoor to a cellar. It also contains an inscription written on one window-frame, "Joanne Rowling slept here circa 1982".</p><br>
<p>Rowling also drew inspiration from the adjoining church graveyard, and the local countryside. She attended the nearby primary school in Tutshill, before moving on to Wyedean secondary school, and later named one of her fictional quidditch teams as the "Tutshill Tornados".</p><br>
<p>Hakgala Mountain is situated in the Nuwara Eliya district of Sri Lanka at 2,169 m above mean sea level, most parts of the mountain are covered with forest belonging to Hakgala Strict Nature Reserve. Hakgala Botanical Garden is situated on the northeastern slope of the Hakgala Mountain. The southwestern side of the mountain has a wet climate compared to northeastern slope since southwestern part faces directly to southwest Monsoon.</p><br>
<p>According to the native language of Sri Lanka – Sinhala, the name of the mountain hakgala’ has the meaning of jaw-rock. Jaw rock is related to a story in the epic Ramayana. According to the legend, Hanuman the Monkey God had been sent by Rama to the Himalayas to find a particular medical herb to rescue Sita from the demon king Ravana. When Hanuman arrived at the Himalayas he had forgotten which herb he was looking for and he had decided to bring a chunk of the Himalayas back in his jaw, hoping that particular herb was growing on it. Legend says that Hakgala Mountain was formed by the chunk of rock brought from the Himalayas by Hanuman.</p><br>
<p>The Barunga Range is a range of hills in the northern Mount Lofty Ranges starting near Clements Gap and Merriton in South Australias Mid North. At the ranges southern end it merges with Hummock Range at Barunga Gap, approximately 10 km south west of Snowtown. The name Barunga derives from an indigenous term meaning "gap in the range".</p><br>
<p>The Barunga and Hummock ranges are host to the Clements Gap and Snowtown wind farms.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>According to the Australian Biospecimen Network Association, Barunga is an indigenous term meaning "gap in the range". The term was also used to name Barunga Hill, north west of Snowtown, and Barunga Creek, which flows off from Barunga Range to the south west of Snowtown. The term was also used in turn to name the cadastral Hundred of Barunga (established 1869) which approximates the area of the Barunga Range.</p><br>
<p>The John and Rosetta Lee House is a private residential structure located at 823 Calhoun Street in the city of Lapeer in Lapeer County, Michigan. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 26, 1985.</p><br>
<p>Built in the style of Gothic Revival architecture, the two-story house was constructed in 1872. Its namesake comes from John and Rosetta Lee, who purchased the property in 1870 and built one of the few Gothic Revival houses in Lapeer at a time when the introduction of the railroads spurred development. It was purchased in 1908 by Christopher England, a Piety Hill minister. At some point, it was converted from a single dwelling into an apartment house, which was the biggest structural change to the building, but most of the exterior has remained the same. The John and Rosetta Lee House is located right next door to the Samuel J. Thomlinson House, built in 1880, and within blocks of several other properties of Lapeer also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Tygart Dam — also known as Tygart River Dam — is a dam near Grafton in Taylor County, West Virginia, USA. It regulates the waters of the Tygart Valley River. Its storage reservoir is known as Tygart Lake. Most of the lakeshore is occupied by Tygart Lake State Park and Pleasant Creek Wildlife Management Area.</p><br>
<h2>The dam</h2><br>
<p>Tygart Dam was designed in part by architect Paul Philippe Cret and built between 1934 and 1938, as a project sponsored by the Public Works Administration to provide for flood control. It is owned and operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The concrete gravity dam has an uncontrolled spillway and measures 1,921 feet long and 209 feet thick at the base. The structure features some Art Deco style decorative elements. Located within the historic area are the Tygart Dam; two dam tender dwellings; two maintenance buildings; comfort, storage and concession building; overlook and parking area; and resource manager&#39;s office.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>The lake</h2><br>
<p>The southern end of the reservoir reaches into northern Barbour County.</p><br>
<p>The South Range Community Building is a community center located on Trimountain Avenue in South Range, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the depths of the Great Depression, the unemployment rate in the southern Keweenaw Peninsula was over 75%. The building was intended to function as both a social and governmental hub for the community of South Range, and it continues to serve this purpose today.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The South Range Community Building is a one-story rectangular brick building with a facade of sandstone trimmed with brick. It sits on a mine rock foundation, and is surmounted by a hipped roof with a three front gables flanked with side gables. Three entrances are centered below the three front gables.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the building contains village offices and a multi-use auditorium.</p><br>
<p>The Kaleva Temple is a commercial building located on Trimountain Avenue in South Range, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Local businessman Jacob Baer began the construction of this commercial block in 1907 or 1908. However, he was unable to complete construction, and sold the partially finished building to the Kalevan Retaret, a Finnish society. The organization was intended to preserve and promote Finnish culture; it quickly spread from Montana to the Finnish miners in the Keweenaw, The Kalevans finished the building in 1910 and christened it the Kaleva Temple.</p><br>
<p>When originally finished, the Temple housed three commercial offices on the first floor and a Finnish social hall on the second floor. Later tenants of the building included the Sons of Italy, a dentist&#39;s office, a theater, a restaurant, an opera house, a hardware store, the justice of the peace, and the USA Post Office, which was located there from 1915 to 1977.</p><br>
<p>At some point, the local Kaleva Lodge moved from the building, and the upper floor was converted into apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Kaleva Temple is a two-story sandstone commercial block, essentially rectangular in plan but with an angled entrance at the east side. The bulk of the building is constructed from rough-cut sandstone, with smooth stone trim in the facade. The center of the facade projects slightly, and this projection is surmounted with a cornice cap with pedimented peak, inscribed with the construction completion date of 1910.</p><br>
<p>The Kaleva Temple is architecturally significant as a local vernacular commercial building, substantially unaltered, and constructed of local materials. A large proportion of its original surroundings still exist, providing an architectural context. The Kaleva Temple still represents the commercial and social dynamics at play in South Range during the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The Sayre and Fisher Reading Room, in Sayreville, Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States, was constructed in 1883 for recreational use and for showcasing the Sayre and Fisher Brick Company ornamental products. Also known as Sayreville Hall, it was added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It served as the town&#39;s unofficial library.</p><br>
<p>Sayre and Fisher Brick Company was established in 1850 by James R. Sayre, Jr., and Peter Fisher, and later became one of the USA&#39;s leading manufacturers of building brick, fire brick, and enamel brick. In 1876 the area around the village then known as Wood’s Landing was renamed Sayreville, after the company’s co-founder. and the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Brick manufacturing declined in the Great Depression, but recovered and stayed profitable into the 1960s. The Sayre and Fisher plant closed in 1970. While most of the industrial buildings were razed, the reading room and some housing buildings remain. The water tower has been restored.</p><br>
<p>The Lapeer County Courthouse is a county courthouse located on Courthouse Square along West Nepessing Street in the city of Lapeer in Lapeer County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic Site on September 17, 1957 and later added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 3, 1971. It was the first property in Lapeer County to be listed on either registry.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is a rectangular, wood, two-story structure built on a raised foundation in the style of Greek Revival architecture. On the inside, a circuit court room is located on the second floor with jury room; administrative offices are located on the ground floor; and restrooms are located in the basement. The building also houses a Lapeer County Historical Society display with some vintage furnishings. With limited space, the police station, probate court, jail, and several other offices and courtrooms are now located behind the courthouse in a newer complex located at 255 Clay Street.</p><br>
<p>The Lapeer County Courthouse is among the earliest of its kind built in the state. It is recognized as the oldest original courthouse structure still in use in the state of Michigan and one of the 10 oldest such structures in all of the country. Lapeer County was formed in 1822 with the city of Lapeer being established as the county seat in 1831. The structure is recognized as having been first constructed in 1839, although this represents an earlier structure built on the site. The date on the pediment states 1846, which is the date that the current structure was completed—having been started the previous year. It was commissioned by state representative and state senator Alvin H. Hart, who lobbied successfully for Lapeer to continue to serve as the county seat. Hart sold the structure to the Board of Supervisors of Lapeer County for $4,500 in 1853. The first local Grange in Michigan was founded at this site in 1872. Since its construction, the only alteration to the structure occurred when three doorways were cut into the portico in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The property is owned by the Lapeer County Historical Society and is open for tours during special events. It can also be rented.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Thomas, Tucker County, West Virginia. It encompasses 48 contributing buildings and two contributing structures. They include the business and commercial core of Thomas. Most of the buildings in the district date from the late-19th and early-20th century in popular architectural styles, such as Italianate, Renaissance Revival, and Gothic Revival. They are primarily two and three story masonry buildings with storefronts on the first floor and housing above. Notable buildings include the Frank Calobrese Building , Duncan Funeral Home Building , Miners and Merchant Bank , City Hall , and Thomas Central Power Plant Dam . Also located in the district is the separately listed Cottrill Opera House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Middlebourne Historic District is a national historic district located at Middlebourne, Tyler County, West Virginia. It encompasses 88 contributing buildings that include the civic, commercial, and residential core of Middlebourne. Most of the buildings in the district date from the late-19th and early-20th century in popular architectural styles, such as Queen Anne and Classical Revival. The two oldest are the Federal-style Quinif House  and Gorrell-Wetzel House . Other notable buildings include the Tyler County High School , First National Bank , Smiths Drug Store , Nadene Theater , The Powell-Shore House , the Weekley House , the Huth-Fletcher House , and United Methodist Church and Parsonage . Also located in the district is the separately listed Tyler County Courthouse and Jail .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Sistersville Historic District is a national historic district located at Sistersville, Tyler County, West Virginia. It encompasses 215 contributing buildings and one contributing structure that include the civic, commercial, and residential core of Sistersville. Most of the buildings in the district date from the late-19th and early-20th century in popular architectural styles, such as Greek Revival, Colonial Revival, and Late Victorian. Notable buildings include the Russell Building or Daily Oil Review Office , McCormick /Henderson House , St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church , Main Street School , Union National Bank Building, Henneghan-Daly Block , and Riverside Mill . Also located in the district are the separately listed Sistersville City Hall  and Wells Inn .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>William Post Mansion, also known as the Post Mansion Inn, is a historic home located at Buckhannon, Upshur County, West Virginia. It was originally built in the 1860s and extensively renovated in 1891 in the Neo-Classical Revival style. It is a 2 1/2 story, brick dwelling with a three story stone tower. The front facade features a portico with Doric order columns. A gymnasium was built over the porte cochere and a carport was added in the 1930s. Also on the property are a number of outbuildings related to a dairy, including a corn crib/granary, hay barn, one large equipment shed and two additional storage sheds The property also has a guest house and a rustic gazebo.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Agnes Howard Hall, also known as Ladies Hall or "Aggie," is a historic dormitory building located on the campus of West Virginia Wesleyan College at Buckhannon, Upshur County, West Virginia. It was built in 1895, and is a four-story brick building primarily used as a residence hall. It features an eclectic design with three tower caps and multiple hip roofs. An addition was completed in 1929 and extensive renovations occurred in 1952. It contains 77 sleeping rooms and 26 main bathrooms, along with office areas for residence assistants, lounge areas, kitchen facilities, and maintenance storage rooms. It was the first dormitory constructed at West Virginia Wesleyan College and the oldest on campus. It was officially named Agnes Howard Hall in 1920, in memory of a young coed who had died while a student at Wesleyan.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Z. D. Ramsdell House, also known as The Ramsdell House, is a historic home located at Ceredo, Wayne County, West Virginia, atop a mound claimed to be an Indian burial mound. It was built in 1857-1858, and is a two story red brick and frame dwelling measuring 30 feet wide and 48 feet deep. It sits on a stone foundation and is in the Greek Revival-style with a gable roof. Zopher D. Ramsdell came to Ceredo at the invitation of the town&#39;s founder, and fellow abolitionist, Eli Thayer. He built a shoe and boot factory, served with the Quartermaster during the American Civil War, served as a post office inspector after the war, and served as a legislative representative in the West Virginia State Senate during 1868 and 1869. It is open as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Camp Caesar, also known as the Webster County 4-H Camp, is a historic campsite located at Cowen, Webster County, West Virginia. It has 20 contributing buildings, 5 contributing sites, 13 contributing structures, and 3 contributing objects. The camp was established in 1922 by local members of the Farm Bureau and the Webster County extension agent, Julius A. Wolfram. During the 1920s, an octagonal assembly hall now known as Gregory Hall, a council circle, a dining hall, and a home for the camp caretaker were constructed. After the onset of the Great Depression, the Works Progress Administration built several stone cottages, a pool and poolhouse, dining hall expansion, stone walks, retaining walls, and other features.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Congress Apartments are a historic apartment building in Bend, Oregon, United States, built in 1924. On the night of March 8, 1926, they were the scene of a dynamite explosion targeting A. F. Mariott, a State Prohibition Officer who lived in unit 5 with his wife. There were no injuries. Although police never identified any suspects, the attack was generally understood to be retaliation for the fatal shooting of Vayle Taylor, a suspected moonshiner in Crook County, on February 17. The attack highlights the extreme tensions between "wets" and "drys" in Central Oregon during the Prohibition era. Separately, the Congress Apartments possess high architectural value for their Craftsman styling, popular in Bend at the time but unusual among apartment buildings. Distinctive features include the use of disappearing, slide-out beds on the interior.</p><br>
<p>The apartment building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The A. V. Peters House aka the Peters-Liston-Wintermeier House, located in Eugene, Oregon, United States, is a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places. in 1912. A 1-1/2 story 1890s carriage house was also moved onto the property at about the same time. Considered one of Oregons finest examples of the Rural Gothic Style, the house was built using a design from a pattern book by Henry W. Cleaveland published in 1856. Another pattern book, Woodwards National Architect, published in 1869, was also used as a reference for some of the decorative elements of the house. The house features board and batten siding, scrollwork balcony detailing, and bracketed eaves supporting the steeply pitched roof.</p><br>
<p>The house was nominated for National Register of Historic Places listing by its owner in March 1980, and it was listed on the Register in October of that year.</p><br>
<p>The Pengra Bridge is a covered bridge near Jasper in the USA state of Oregon. The 120 ft Howe truss structure carries Place Road over Fall Creek in Lane County. It replaced an earlier bridge, built in 1904, that crossed the creek a few feet further upsteam.</p><br>
<p>Pengra Bridge was named in honor of B. J. Pengra, a government surveyor. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The lower chords of the bridge, at 16 by by 126 ft, are among the longest timbers ever used in an Oregon bridge.</p><br>
<p>Weather and traffic weakened the bridge over time, and it was temporarily closed in 1979. With the help of state funding from the Oregon Covered Bridge Program, the county repaired the structure, which was re-opened to traffic in 1995.</p><br>
<p>New Martinsville Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at New Martinsville, Wetzel County, West Virginia. It encompasses 29 contributing buildings and one contributing site that include the civic and commercial core of New Martinsville. Most of the buildings in the district are two and three story masonry commercial structures dating to the late-19th and early-20th century in popular architectural styles, such as Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Colonial Revival. Notable buildings include the New Martinsville City Building , The McCaskey Building , Winers Department Store , McCrorys , The Masonic Temple , Theater/Palmers Drug Store , Lincoln Theatre , United States Post Office , Wetzel County Sheriffs residence , and Wetzel County Courthouse .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The J C Slaughter Falls is a cascade waterfall on the Ithaca Creek located approximately 10 km west of the Brisbane central business district in Queensland, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The falls are situated within Mount Coot-tha Forest park, where there is a picnic area and parking area.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Coot-tha summit track travels from the J C Slaughter Falls Picnic Area through open eucalypt forest. The grade is steep over short sections. Mount Coot-tha Lookout offers sweeping views of the city, Moreton Bay, Stradbroke Island and the southern ranges. The track is classified as an easy walk and takes about one hour and is 3.8 km return in distance. Mount Coot-tha Forest is 5 km west of Brisbane Central Business District. Access is via Sir Samuel Griffith Drive or Gap Creek Road, Mount Coot-tha.</p><br>
<p>Beauchamp-Newman House, also known as the Alfred Beauchamp House and Beauchamp-Newman Museum, is a historic home located at Elizabeth, Wirt County, West Virginia. It was built in the 1830s, and is a two-story brick dwelling with hipped and gable roofs. The Beauchamp-Newman Museum, long known as the “Old Red Brick” is the oldest brick building in Elizabeth. It was built around 1835-40, by Alfred Beauchamp, grandson of the first settler in the community. It is believed that the bricks were made from local clay deposits on his land, probably by slaves.The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. On May 23, 1848, the first meeting of the newly formed Wirt County courts met in this home. The museum is owned and operated by the Elizabeth Beauchamp Chapter Daughters of American Pioneers.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Spannagel Cave  is a show cave near Hintertux, in the Zillertal Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Currently about 10 kilometres of cave have been discovered; guided tours enable access to 500 metres of the cave. Its entrance lies below the Spannagelhaus , a mountain hut formerly run by the Austrian Tourist Club . The cave and the hut are named after Dr. Rudolf Spannagel, who was the president of the ÖTK from 1902 to 1904.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>The overwhelming part of the Zillertal Alps consists of the crystalline primary rocks, plutons and metamorphic rock, that do not support the formation of caves. The only exceptions are pockets of rock capable of karstification such as limestone, dolomite, gypsum and other carbonates. These pockets are generally of quite low thickness, and only allow small caves to be formed. The creation of caves also requires water solubility. The Spannagel Cave has arisen in a large vein of Jurassic calcite marble of the Hochstegen Formation, a marble with over 90% total carbonate content, that runs through the slate mantle of the Western Tauern window. The formation of this extensive cave as a result of geological corrosion (and mixing corrosion) is explained by the tectonics of the region.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The cave is characterised by the strong presence of damps and heavy moisture penetration (even leading to cascades). The various stream passages (Mündungslöcher) form siphons in places that are only accessible by diving. In those cave passages far from daylight there are rare helictites. The Spannagel Cave System extends from the Gefrorne-Wand-Kees glacier to the Lärmstange, 2,686 m, and is the highest large cave in Europe with a measured length to date of 10 kilometres. During guided tours the cave&#39;s many features (coloured marble, various calc-sinter formations, speleothems, crystals, banded marbles and kolks) are explained. In addition, the age of the cave and its formation are described, as are its flora and fauna, climate and cave atmosphere which is beneficial for those suffering from lung ailments. Bats only appear in the vicinity of the cave exits - albeit some get lost in the entrance area. A cave museum has been established in the eastern section of this passageway where several discoveries from the interior of the mountain are displayed.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>In 1919 Alois Hotter, the proprietor of the Spannagelhaus, discovered the cave entrance. He called the cave the Grausliches Loch and used it, as did several other tenants after him, as a rubbish pit.</p><br>
<p>In 1960 Rudolf Radislovich first explored the front part of the cave with its main entrance (Hauptgang) and "water entrance" (Wassergang), both of which meet in the Hall of Union (Halle der Vereinigung). In the following year, Max H. Fink surveyed the known section of the cave and discovered the Labyrinth. In 1964 the Federal Monuments Office (Bundesdenkmalamt) designated the cave as a natural monument because of its scientific importance. In 1968 Walter Knezicek and Günther J. Wolf discovered two shafts and the Knesi-Harnisch at the right hand edge of the Halle der Vereinigung, which all led down into a tunnel about 10 metres below. This was the start of what later became known as the Schrauben-Cañon ("Screw Canyon"). In 1970 Hannes Jodl found the Postkastl ("Postbox") at the left hand end of the Halle der Vereinigung, which turned out to be a continuation of the Spannagel Cave. The first person to enter this section was Günther J. Wolf with seven members of his ice course. The research of the Kolkgang passage (ascending to the Elchschädelgang passage and Dirndlkammer chamber, a link with the Wassergang, and descending via the Kolkgang to the Hannes-Jodl-Dom, at whose ceiling the Schrauben-Cañon enters, onwards to the Dr.-Klaus-Karger-Halle and continuing as the Kolkgang to the edge of the ÖTK-Schacht shaft) resulted in a doubling of the hitherto known extent of the cave and offered an incentive for further exploration.</p><br>
<p>The years 1972 to 1975 saw four survey expeditions by the State Caving Club in Tyrol (Landesverein für Höhlenkunde in Tirol), that advanced as far as the Gneisbach stream. In 1975, as part of a research week by the Groupe Spéléologique Luxembourgeois with E. Jacoby, M. Möller, G. Mutschlechner and B. Schmitz, the course of the Höhlenbach stream was established. By dying the water it was demonstrated that it surfaced at about 1,980 m in the middle of a rock face south of Waldeben. Likewise the Schneefleck Cave (Schneefleckhöhle), which runs parallel to the Spannagel Cave, was discovered and surveyed. In 1976 the Caving Club erected a bivouac in the Umkehrhalle hall. A 50-hour expedition led by E. Jacoby in 1976/77 discovered and researched the Spinnengang passage, the Mutschlechner-Dom cavern and the Schatzkammer chamber. In 1978 F. Maiberger and W. Mayr reached the westernmost point of the cave, the Bauchbad.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 German speleologists in the Tyrolean Caving Club under the direction of C. Cavelius surveyed the South System (Südsystem). In 1987 and 1988 the entrance area of the cave was cleared out, and the gallery joining the Trümmerhalle and Gneisbach were discovered and surveyed by W. Mayr and G. Völkl. The Schrauben-Cañon was first negotiated in 1989 by E. Türke and R. Tobitsch.</p><br>
<p>The Olperer is a 3,476 metre high mountain in the Zillertal Alps in the Austrian federal state of Tyrol. It is the main summit on the Tux Crest  and is often crossed in the summer as climbers transit from the Olperer Hut to the Geraer Hut. It was first climbed on 10 September 1867 along the southeast ridge  by Paul Grohmann, Georg Samer and Gainer Jackl. On its north flank is the ski region known as Hintertux Glacier on the Gefrorene-Wand-Kees glacier .</p><br>
<h2>Location and area</h2><br>
<p>The Olperer, with its pyramidal summit block, presents a striking appearance. As a result of that and because of its geographical prominence over its nearby peaks, the summit is a popular viewing point. It lies about four kilometres as the crow flies northwest of the Schlegeisspeicher dam and seven kilometres south of Hintertux. Its neighbours are, to the north and separated by the Wildlahnerscharte (3,220 m),the Großer Kaserer at 3,266 metres, to the southeast along the crest the 3,381 metre high Fußstein and, to the northeast, separated by the Großes Riepenkees glacier, lie the twin peaks of the Gefrorene-Wand-Spitzen, the southern summit of which lies at a height of 3,270 metres.</p><br>
<h2>Sources and maps</h2><br>
<p>H. Klier und W. Klier: Alpine Club Guide Zillertaler Alpen, Munich, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club Map 1:25,000, Sheet 35/1, Zillertaler Alpen West</p><br>
<p>Chilston Park is a country house in Boughton Malherbe, Kent, England. Started in the 15th century, the house has been modified many times and is a Grade I listed building, currently operated as a country house hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 12th century the manor of Chilston is recorded as being the property of William Fitz-Hamon. It became the property of the Hoese or Hussey family in the 13th century, who held it until 1545, when it was sold to John Parkhurst. After his descendant Sir William Parkhurst sold the manor to Richard Northwood of Thanet, it passed quickly through the possession of several owners before becoming the property of Edward Hales in 1650. Hales was a nephew of Sir Edward Hales and was briefly MP for Hythe in 1685 and 1689. He died in 1696 and his daughters sold the house in 1698 to Elizabeth Hamilton, widow of James Hamilton and mother of James Hamilton, 6th Earl of Abercorn.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Hamilton died in 1709 and is buried in the church at Hollingbourne. The estate was inherited by her younger son William Hamilton, who left it on his death in 1737 to his son John Hamilton. He sold the estate to Thomas Best, MP for Canterbury (1741&ndash;54 and 1761&ndash;68). The next owner was his nephew George Best, MP for Rochester (1790&ndash;96). Following Best&#39;s death in 1819, the house was bought by George Douglas, passing to James Stoddart Douglas, MP for Rochester (1841&ndash;47), and then to a distant relative Aretas Akers in 1875.</p><br>
<p>Akers, who was MP for East Kent (1880&ndash;85) then St Augustine&#39;s (1885&ndash;1911), added Douglas to his family name. He was Home Secretary from 1902 to 1905 and, in 1911, was created Viscount Chilston. Chilston Park remained in the Akers-Douglas family until the estate was sold by the fourth viscount in 1983. Since then, the house and most of the parkland have been used as a country-house hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Chilston Park house is a two-storey, red-brick building with an attic floor in the roof. It was begun in the late 15th century or early 16th century as a courtyard house and was altered in each of the subsequent three centuries. The courtyard was infilled in the 1880s and the house now forms a single block.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrical front façade to the north is nine windows wide and features two projecting side bays and a pedimented central bay with a Diocletian window. A modillioned cornice runs above the first floor and over the pediment. The central bay, which contains the entrance, was reconstructed in 1728 to replace an earlier three-storied porch. The 12-paned sash windows in this façade are replacements installed in the late 17th or early 18th century and are recessed with stone sills and rubbed brick voussoirs. The roof, hipped to the front, gabled to the rear and with dormers on each outer slope, was replaced in the same period as the front façade windows.</p><br>
<p>The modillioned cornice continues on the east façade, which is generally symmetrical about a central doorway apart a projecting bay on the north end. The south façade features gabled stone-built bays at each end with brick surrounds to the windows on each floor. The central section is built of brick in similar style to the east façade with the cornice repeated from the north and east sides. A brick conservatory with octagonal pyramidal roof projects south from the east end of the façade. The west wing was rebuilt after the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the entrance hall is early 18th century with a black-and-white stone floor. Four rooms have moulded plaster ceilings and cornices dated to the second quarter of the 18th century. The central staircase was installed when the courtyard was enclosed and features carved panelling from circa 1540, believed to be from Royton Chapel.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the house, beyond a modern extension, is a single-storey stone-built stable from the 17th or early 18th century that was partly rebuilt in the 19th century. It flanks the north and west sides of a courtyard and part of the east side. Roofs are hipped, with an attic floor reached from an external stair. A mounting block on the east wing incorporates part of an early 16th-century fireplace with the arms of the Hussey family. To the south of the courtyard are two-storey stone-built coachmans cottages from the 18th century with brick dressings and a brick eaves cornice. The house, the stables and the mounting block are Grade I listed buildings. The coachmans cottages are listed Grade II.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>Chilston Park house sits in 78 hectare of Grade II listed parkland originally enclosed in the early 18th century by John Hamilton. On the north side, 13 hectare containing a stand of pine trees are separated from the rest of the park by the M20 motorway and Channel Tunnel Rail Link. To the north and south of the house are formal gardens, with a large, roughly rectangular lake located to the north of the house and a smaller one to the south. The east side of the garden is bordered by a ha-ha. A series of ponds that existed to the west of the house in the 18th century has been filled in. A circular pond and a ruined icehouse are located in the north-west of the park.</p><br>
<p>The Gefrorene-Wand-Spitzen are two summits on the Tux Crest , a mountain chain in the Zillertal Alps, one of the ranges of the central Eastern Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The north summit  is recorded as 3,286 metres high in the literature, but is 3,288 metres high according to the Federal Office for Metrology and Survey. The south summit , by contrast, is only 3,270 metres high. The two peaks are about 300 metres apart. They appear from the north as a stubby, cone-shaped, firn-covered dome, but from the east as a forbidding, dark rock face. Sharp, prominent ridges radiate from the peaks to the northeast and southwest, along the main crest of the mountain range. The twin peaks are the highest points in the summer skiing area of the Hintertux Glacier and, since the end of the 1990s, have been accessible from Hintertux on cable cars and ski lifts; which makes them a popular destination for day trippers. The north summit was first conquered in 1867 by Dr. Berreitter, the south summit on 7 September 1872 by the brothers, Max and Richard von Frey from Salzburg.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Gefrorenen-Wand-Spitzen are surrounded by glaciers. To the west the vast Gefrorene-Wand-Kees reaches up to the summits; to the southwest the Große Riepenkees reaches the 3,000 metre mark; to the northeast lies the little Friesenbergkees and, to the southeast is the Kleine Riepenkees. Their neighbouring peaks are: along the northeast ridge (Nordostgrat), separated by the Friesenbergscharte (2,904 m), the 3,231 metre high Riffler; along the southwest ridge (Südwestgrat), separated by the broad Riepen Saddle (Riepensattel), lies the Olperer, at 3,476 metres, the highest peak on the Tux Crest. To the northwest the terrain falls away into the Tuxer Tal, and to the southwest into the Zamser Grund. An important settlement is Hintertux, some 6 kilometres away to the north as the crow flies. The Finkenberg village of Ginzling lies just under 11 kilometres to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Sources and maps</h2><br>
<p>Heinrich Klier / Walter Klier: Alpine Club Guide Zillertaler Alpen, Bergverlag Rother, Munich, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Eduard Amthor (ed.): Der Alpenfreund. Monatshefte für die Verbreitung von Alpenkunde unter Jung und Alt in populären und unterhaltenden Schilderungen aus dem Gesammtgebiet der Alpenwelt und mit praktischen Winken zur genußvollen Bereisung derselben, Gera 1870, page 245</p><br>
<p>Eduard Richter (editor): Die Erschließung der Ostalpen, III Band, Verlag des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins, Berlin 1894, page 101</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club map 1:25,000 series, Sheet 35/1, Zillertaler Alpen, westliches Blatt</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Hoher Riffler is a 3,231 metre high mountain in the Zillertal Alps, on the eastern part of the main chain of the Tux , in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The peak is firn-covered on its northern side, but from the south it looks like a rocky summit. Ridges run from the top towards the southwest, north, northeast and southeast, some of them carrying approach paths. The summit is easily attained from the mountain hut of Spannagelhaus to the west or the Friesenberghaus to the south and, as a result, is often visited. In winter it is an easy destination for ski mountaineers. The peak was first conquered during the Austrian national survey. The first tourist climber, according to the literature, was one H. Weber, guided by Georg Samer in 1875.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Zillertal Riffler (Zillertaler Riffler) is only enclosed by glaciers to the north and west. To the north the Federbettkees starts just below the summit whilst, to the west, is the much smaller Schwarzbrunnerkees. To the southeast are the remnants of the Rifflerkees, which has largely retreated due to global warming. Amongst the neighbouring peaks are the twin summits of the Gefrorene-Wand-Spitzen (3,288 m) along the southwest ridge (Südwestgrat) on the other side of the 2,904 m high wind gap of the Friesenbergscharte. On the other side of the Federbettkees, along the north ridge (Nordgrat) which swings northeast, lie the Griererkarspitze (2,968 m), Napfspitze (2,925 m) and die 3,038 metre high Realspitze, separated by the col of Obere Rifflerscharte (2,968 m), Along the southeast ridge (Südostgrat), above the Wesendlekarsees glacier (surface at 2,375 m) and separated by the 2,774 m high col of Untere Rifflerscharte, is the Kleine Riffler (2,835 m). The nearest important settlement is the winter sports resort of Hintertux about four kilometres northwest as the crow flies.</p><br>
<h2>Bases and routes</h2><br>
<p>The Friesenberghaus (2,498 m) is the base for an ice-free climb along the south ridge (Südgrat). The base for an approach via the Friesenbergscharte gap and southwest ridge (Südwestgrat) is the Spannagelhaus. Both routes are similar and of climbing grade UIAA I and count as the normal route. According to the literature, it takes about 2 1/2 hours to reach the summit cross from the Friesenberghaus and somewhat less time from the Spannagelhaus. In winter the climb can be done as an easy ski tour.</p><br>
